Peritoneal loose bodies, or peritoneal mices, are rare in clinic and difficult to diagnose which are usually found during abdominal surgery. An elderly patient with peritoneal loose body who underwent laparoscopic surgery in Beijing Hospital was analyzed and summarized based on literature review. We retrieved a total of 86 cases of peritoneal loose bodies (including this case) reported from PubMed and CNKI. The age of the cases ranged from 16 to 81 years old, with an average age of 55 years. Among them, 66 cases (76.7%) were male and 20 cases (23.3%) were female. Most of the patients were asymptomatic and found incidentally, some of them complained of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort, and a few of them may manifested as urinary frequency and urinary retention. Most of the peritoneal loose bodies were single, accounting for 80 cases (93%), and only 6 cases (7.0%) were multiple. Preoperatively, they were often misdiagnosed as bladder stones, gallstones, teratomas, and stromal tumors. When peritoneal loose bodies were found during surgery, they could be in various positions in the pelvic and abdominal cavity, and pelvic region was most common in 52 cases (60.5%). Peritoneal loose bodies were found to be up to 20 cm in diameter, but usually ranged from 1 cm to 10 cm in length. In conclusion, departments related to abdominal surgery (general surgery, urology, obstetrics and gynecology, etc.) should pay attention to the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal loose bodies to avoid the damage caused by misdiagnosis.