| ［1］ |
Rome IV Criteria. Rome Foundation［EB/OL］. ［2016-05-01］（2024-06-09） https://theromefoundation.org/rome-iv/rome-iv-criteria/
|
| ［2］ |
Dexter E，Walshaw J，Wynn H，et al. Faecal incontinence-a comprehensive review［J］. Front Surg，2024，（11）: 1340720.
|
| ［3］ |
Wang X，Chen JD. Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of sacral nerve stimulation for gastrointestinal diseases［J］. J Transl Int Med，2023，11（2）: 115-127.
|
| ［4］ |
Pires M，Severo M，Lopes A，et al. Sacral neuromodulation for low anterior resection syndrome: current status-a systematic review and meta-analysis［J］. Int J Colorectal Dis，2023，38（1）: 189.
|
| ［5］ |
Assmann SL，Keszthelyi D，Kleijnen J，et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of Faecal Incontinence-A UEG/ESCP/ESNM/ESPCG collaboration［J］. United European Gastroenterol J，2022，10（3）: 251-286.
|
| ［6］ |
Cerdán Miguel J，Arroyo Sebastián A，Codina Cazador A，et al.Clinical practice guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic management of faecal incontinence: Baiona consensus from the Spanish Association of Coloproctology［J］. Cir Esp （Engl Ed），Published online January 17，2024.
|
| ［7］ |
Worsøe J，Fassov J，Schlageter V，et al. Turning off sacral nerve stimulation does not affect gastric and small intestinal motility in patients treated for faecal incontinence［J］. Colorectal Dis，2012，14（10）: e713-e720.
|
| ［8］ |
Fassov J，Lundby L，Worsøe J，et al. A randomised，controlled study of small intestinal motility in patients treated with sacral nerve stimulation for irritable bowel syndrome［J］. BMC Gastroenterol，2014，（14）: 111.
|
| ［9］ |
Michelsen HB，Christensen P，Krogh K，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence alters colorectal transport［J］. Br J Surg，2008，95（6）: 779-784.
|
| ［10］ |
Lin AY，Varghese C，Paskaranandavadivel N，et al. Faecal incontinence is associated with an impaired rectosigmoid brake and improved by sacral neuromodulation［J］. Colorectal Dis，2022，24（12）: 1556-1566.
|
| ［11］ |
Patton V，Wiklendt L，Arkwright JW，et al. The effect of sacral nerve stimulation on distal colonic motility in patients with faecal incontinence［J］. Br J Surg，2013，100（7）: 959-968.
|
| ［12］ |
Uludag O，Koch SM，Dejong CH，et al. Sacral neuromodulation； does it affect colonic transit time in patients with faecal incontinence？［J］.Colorectal Dis，2006，8（4）: 318-322.
|
| ［13］ |
Kenefick NJ. Sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of lower bowel motility disorders［J］. Ann R Coll Surg Engl，2006，88（7）: 617-623.
|
| ［14］ |
Uludag O，Morren GL，Dejong CH，et al. Effect of sacral neuromodulation on the rectum［J］. Br J Surg，2005，92（8）: 1017-1023.
|
| ［15］ |
Jarrett ME，Varma JS，Duthie GS，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in the UK［J］. Br J Surg，2004，91（6）: 755-761.
|
| ［16］ |
Ganio E，Masin A，Ratto C，et al. Short-term sacral nerve stimulation for functional anorectal and urinary disturbances: results in 40 patients:evaluation of a new option for anorectal functional disorders［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2001，44（9）: 1261-1267.
|
| ［17］ |
Ganio E，Luc AR，Clerico G，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of fecal incontinence: a novel approach for intractable fecal incontinence［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2001，44（5）: 619-631.
|
| ［18］ |
Ganio E，Ratto C，Masin A，et al. Neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: outcome in 16 patients with definitive implant. The initial Italian Sacral Neurostimulation Group （GINS） experience［J］.Dis Colon Rectum，2001，44（7）: 965-970.
|
| ［19］ |
Leroi AM，Michot F，Grise P，et al. Effect of sacral nerve stimulation in patients with fecal and urinary incontinence［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2001，44（6）: 779-789.
|
| ［20］ |
Madbouly KM，Hussein AM. Temporary sacral nerve stimulation in patients with fecal incontinence owing to rectal hyposensitivity: a prospective，double-blind study［J］. Surgery，2015，157（1）: 56-63.
|
| ［21］ |
Pascual I，Gómez Cde C，Ortega R，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence［J］. Rev Esp Enferm Dig，2011，103（7）: 355-359.
|
| ［22］ |
Otto SD，Burmeister S，Buhr HJ，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation induces changes in the pelvic floor and rectum that improve continence and quality of life［J］. J Gastrointest Surg，2010，14（4）: 636-644.
|
| ［23］ |
Michelsen HB，Buntzen S，Krogh K，et al. Rectal volume tolerability and anal pressures in patients with fecal incontinence treated with sacral nerve stimulation［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2006，49（7）: 1039-1044.
|
| ［24］ |
Dudding TC，Parés D，Vaizey CJ，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence related to dysfunction of the internal anal sphincter［J］. Int J Colorectal Dis，2010，25（5）: 625-630.
|
| ［25］ |
Michelsen HB，Maeda Y，Lundby L，et al. Retention test in sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2009，52（11）:1864-1868.
|
| ［26］ |
Roman S，Tatagiba T，Damon H，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation and rectal function: results of a prospective study in faecal incontinence［J］.Neurogastroenterol Motil，2008，20（10）: 1127-1131.
|
| ［27］ |
Melenhorst J，Koch SM，Uludag O，et al. Sacral neuromodulation in patients with faecal incontinence: results of the first 100 permanent implantations［J］. Colorectal Dis，2007，9（8）: 725-730.
|
| ［28］ |
Holzer B，Rosen HR，Novi G，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence［J］. Br J Surg，2007，94（6）: 749-753.
|
| ［29］ |
Gourcerol G，Gallas S，Michot F，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation in fecal incontinence: are there factors associated with success？［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2007，50（1）: 3-12.
|
| ［30］ |
Faucheron JL，Bost R，Duffournet V，et al. Sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of severe anal incontinence. Forty consecutive cases treated in one institution［J］. Gastroenterol Clin Biol，2006，30（5）: 669-672.
|
| ［31］ |
Sheldon R，Kiff ES，Clarke A，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation reduces corticoanal excitability in patients with faecal incontinence［J］. Br J Surg，2005，92（11）: 1423-1431.
|
| ［32］ |
Altomare DF，Rinaldi M，Petrolino M，et al. Permanent sacral nerve modulation for fecal incontinence and associated urinary disturbances［J］. Int J Colorectal Dis，2004，19（3）: 203-209.
|
| ［33］ |
Matzel KE，Stadelmaier U，Bittorf B，et al. Bilateral sacral spinal nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence after low anterior rectum resection［J］. Int J Colorectal Dis，2002，17（6）: 430-434.
|
| ［34］ |
Pahwa AK，Khanijow KD，Harvie HS，et al. Comparison of patient impact and clinical characteristics between urgency and passive fecal incontinence phenotypes［J］. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg，2020，26（9）: 570-574.
|
| ［35］ |
Rao SS，Bharucha AE，Chiarioni G，et al. Anorectal disorders［J］.Gastroenterology，2016，150（6）: 1430-1442.
|
| ［36］ |
Evers J，O'Connell PR，Jones JFX. The relationship between cortical activation in response to anorectal stimuli and continence behavior in freely behaving rats before and after application of sacral nerve stimulation［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2022，65（2）: 284-294.
|
| ［37］ |
Evers J，Devane L，Carrington EV，et al. Effects of stimulation frequency and intensity in sacral neuromodulation on anorectal inputs to the somatosensory cortex in an experimental model［J］. Br J Surg，2014，101（10）: 1317-1328.
|
| ［38］ |
Evers J，Devane L，Carrington EV，et al. Reversal of sensory deficit through sacral neuromodulation in an animal model of fecal incontinence［J］. Neurogastroenterol Motil，2016，28（5）: 665-673.
|
| ［39］ |
Griffin KM，Pickering M，O'Herlihy C，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation increases activation of the primary somatosensory cortex by anal canal stimulation in an experimental model［J］. Br J Surg，2011，98（8）: 1160-1169.
|
| ［40］ |
Haas S，Brock C，Krogh K，et al. Does sacral nerve stimulation improve continence through enhanced sensitivity of the anal canal？ A pilot study［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2016，59（11）: 1039-1046.
|
| ［41］ |
Giani I，Novelli E，Martina S，et al. The effect of sacral nerve modulation on cerebral evoked potential latency in fecal incontinence and constipation［J］. Ann Surg，2011，254（1）: 90-96.
|
| ［42］ |
Lundby L，Moller A，Buntzen S，et al. Relief of fecal incontinence by sacral nerve stimulation linked to focal brain activation［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2011，（3）: 318-323.
|
| ［43］ |
Schurch B，Reilly I，Reitz A，et al. Electrophysiological recordings during the peripheral nerve evaluation （PNE） test in complete spinal cord injury patients［J］. World J Urol，2003，20（6）: 319-322.
|
| ［44］ |
Rosen HR，Urbarz C，Holzer B，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for fecal incontinence［J］. Gastroenterology，2001，121（3）:536-541.
|
| ［45］ |
Schwandner O. Sacral neuromodulation for fecal incontinence and"low anterior resection syndrome" following neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer［J］. Int J Colorectal Dis，2013，28（5）: 665-669.
|
| ［46］ |
Koch SM，van Gemert WG，Baeten CG. Determination of therapeutic threshold in sacral nerve modulation for faecal incontinence［J］. Br J Surg，2005，92（1）: 83-87.
|
| ［47］ |
Kenefick NJ，Vaizey CJ，Cohen RC，et al. Medium-term results of permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence［J］. Br J Surg，2002，89（7）: 896-901.
|
| ［48］ |
Vaizey CJ，Kamm MA，Roy AJ，et al. Double-blind crossover study of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2000，43（3）: 298-302.
|
| ［49］ |
Rao SSC，Xiang X，Sharma A，et al. Translumbosacral neuromodulation therapy for fecal incontinence: a randomized frequency response trial［J］. Am J Gastroenterol，2021，116（1）: 162-170.
|
| ［50］ |
Abdel-Halim MR，Crosbie J，Engledow A，et al. Temporary sacral nerve stimulation alters rectal sensory function: a physiological study［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2011，54（9）: 1134-1140.
|
| ［51］ |
Uludağ O，Koch SM，Vliegen RF，et al. Sacral neuromodulation: does it affect the rectoanal angle in patients with fecal incontinence？［J］.World J Surg，2010，34（5）: 1109-1114.
|
| ［52］ |
Melenhorst J，Koch SM，Uludag O，et al. Is a morphologically intact anal sphincter necessary for success with sacral nerve modulation in patients with faecal incontinence？［J］. Colorectal Dis，2008，10（3）: 257-262.
|
| ［53］ |
Uludag O，Koch SM，Dejong CH，et al. Sacral neuromodulation； does it affect colonic transit time in patients with faecal incontinence？［J］.Colorectal Dis，2006，8（4）: 318-322.
|
| ［54］ |
Queralto M，Portier G，Cabarrot PH，et al. Preliminary results of peripheral transcutaneous neuromodulation in the treatment of idiopathic fecal incontinence［J］. Int J Colorectal Dis，2006，21（7）: 670-672.
|
| ［55］ |
Ratto C，Grillo E，Parello A，et al. Sacral neuromodulation in treatment of fecal incontinence following anterior resection and chemoradiation for rectal cancer［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2005，48（5）: 1027-1036.
|
| ［56］ |
Uludağ O，Koch SM，van Gemert WG，et al. Sacral neuromodulation in patients with fecal incontinence: a single-center study［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2004，47（8）: 1350-1357.
|
| ［57］ |
Kenefick NJ，Vaizey CJ，Nicholls RJ，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence due to systemic sclerosis［J］. Gut，2002，51（6）: 881-883.
|
| ［58］ |
Matzel KE，Stadelmaier U，Hohenfellner M，et al. Chronic sacral spinal nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: long-term results with foramen and cuff electrodes［J］. Dis Colon Rectum，2001，44（1）: 59-66.
|
| ［59］ |
Gooneratne ML，Facer P，Knowles CH，et al. Normalization of substance P levels in rectal mucosa of patients with faecal incontinence treated successfully by sacral nerve stimulation［J］. Br J Surg，2008，95（4）: 477-483.
|
| ［60］ |
Michelsen HB，Worsøe J，Krogh K，et al. Rectal motility after sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence［J］. Neurogastroenterol Motil，2010，22（1）: 36-e6.
|
| ［61］ |
Fassov J，Brock C，Lundby L，et al. Sacral nerve stimulation changes rectal sensitivity and biomechanical properties in patients with irritable bowel syndrome［J］. Neurogastroenterol Motil，2014，26（11）: 1597-1604.
|
| ［62］ |
Shafik A. Sacral root stimulation for controlled defecation［J］. Eur Surg Res，1995，27（1）: 63-68.
|
| ［63］ |
Kenefick NJ，Emmanuel A，Nicholls RJ，et al. Effect of sacral nerve stimulation on autonomic nerve function［J］. Br J Surg，2003，90（10）:1256-1260.
|
| ［64］ |
Wang X，Chen JD. Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of sacral nerve stimulation for gastrointestinal diseases［J］. J Transl Int Med，2023，11（2）: 115-127.
|