回肠造口广泛应用于低位直肠癌保肛手术中，其既可以作为低位直肠吻合手术的临时保护性措施，也可以作为永久性治疗措施。近年腹腔镜技术（达芬奇机器人/3D）及膜解剖理念进步，促使低位、超低位直肠癌保肛率大幅提高，但吻合口漏的发生率并没有下降。为预防低位直肠吻合术后漏的发生和降低吻合口漏并发症的严重程度，临床上会在手术过程中选择行预防性回肠造口手术。虽然手术操作技巧和造口护理技术不断进步，但是回肠造口相关的近、远期并发症及其带来的社会心理障碍等仍很常见。因此，我们不仅需要在围手术期采取有效措施，降低造口相关并发症发生风险及严重程度，而且对于已经出现的并发症，应积极采取有效的治疗措施，对造口患者加强技术指导及心理疏导，改善患者预后和术后生存质量。

Ileostomy is widely used in sphincter-preserving surgery for low rectal cancer. It can serve not only as a temporary protective measure for low rectal anastomosis surgery, but also as a permanent treatment. In recent years, advances in laparoscopic technology (Da Vinci robot/3D) and the concept of mesenteric anatomy have significantly increased the sphincter-preserving rate for low and ultra-low rectal cancer; however, the incidence of anastomotic leakage has not decreased. To prevent the occurrence of leakage after low rectal anastomosis and reduce the severity of complications caused by anastomotic leakage, prophylactic ileostomy is clinically performed during the surgical procedure. Despite continuous improvements in surgical techniques and stoma care, short-term and long-term complications associated with ileostomy, as well as the resulting psychosocial barriers, remain common. Therefore, we need to take effective measures during the perioperative period to reduce the risk and severity of stoma-related complications. For complications that have already occurred, we should actively adopt effective treatment measures, strengthen technical guidance and psychological counseling for stoma patients, and ultimately improve the patients’ prognosis and postoperative quality of life.