结直肠癌是最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一。在我国，结直肠癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势，且我国直肠癌占结直肠癌的比例仍然明显高于欧美国家。术前或术后的同步放化疗已被证实可显著降低直肠癌的局部复发率，是目前局部晚期直肠癌围手术期的标准治疗模式。近年来，直肠癌新辅助化疗的作用越来越受到重视，本文就目前局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗存在的问题和以新辅助化疗为主的新治疗理念的研究现状进行阐述。

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies. In China, the trend for the incidence of colorectal cancer was increasing annualy. The proportion of rectal cancer accounts for colorectal cancer in our country is still significantly higher than the European and American countries. Preoperative or postoperative chemoradiotherapy has been shown to significantly reduce the local recurrence of rectal cancer, which is the standard of perioperative treatment mode for locally advanced rectal cancer. In the recent years, we have payed more and more attentions on the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer. In this paper, we will illuminate the current problems, the new treatment idea and research status in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy.