探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery，TEM)的适应证和并发症。

回顾2011年5月至2014年5月在我院接受TEM治疗的135例直肠病变患者的临床资料，分析TEM在直肠病变治疗中的主要适应证和常见并发症。

本组135例患者均成功实施TEM，其中行直肠壁全层切除115例，黏膜下及肌层部分切除20例。平均手术时间(66.5±25.0)min(25～120 min)，术中平均失血量(10.5±5.5)ml(3～50 ml)。术后病理学检查确诊：直肠腺瘤60例，直肠腺瘤癌变(pTis期)10例，早期直肠癌(pT1期)11例，进展期直肠癌(pT2期)10例，直肠癌经术前放化疗后病理完全缓解(ypT0期)2例，直肠类癌或类癌内镜电切后残灶24例，直肠胃肠道间质瘤5例，直肠平滑肌瘤1例，非肿瘤性息肉10例，直肠子宫内膜异位症2例。所有标本切缘均阴性。术中3例上段直肠前壁肿瘤行全层切除时切入腹腔，即刻行腔内缝合修补成功，未并发腹膜炎或盆腔感染。术后继发肛门出血2例，肺部、泌尿系感染和尿潴留各1例。并发症发生率为5.9%(8/135)。术后平均住院日(2.5±1.2)d(2～8 d)。术后平均随访15.5个月(6～36月)，未发现肿瘤复发转移。

适合局部切除的直肠局限性肿瘤是TEM的主要适应证。严格选择没有淋巴结转移证据的直肠癌行TEM是安全有效的，已成为直肠局部切除术的首选方式。但目前的循证医学证据仍然有限，仍需要进一步研究论证。

To investigate the indications and complications of transanal endoscopic microsurgery(TEM).

In order to analyze the main indications and frequent complications of TEM in the management of rectal lesions, clinical data of 135 patients with rectal lesions treated using TEM between May 2011 and May 2014 were summarized retrospectively.

All the 135 patients were performed TEM successfully.Surgical procedures included the full-thickness excision(115 cases)and the submucosal excision with partial muscular layer excision(20 cases). The average operating time was 66.5±25.0(range, 25~120)min.The mean operative blood loss was 10.5±5.5(range, 3~50)ml.The postoperative pathological examination identified retcal adenomas in 60, carcinomatous changes of adenomas(pTis)in 10, early rectal adenocarcinomas(pT1)in 11, advanced rectal adenocarcinomas(pT2)in 10, pathological complete response(ypT0)after preoperative chemoradiation in 2, rectal carcinoids or their residual lesions after endoscopic resection in 24, rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor in 5, leiomyoma in 1, nontumorous polyps in 10, and rectal endometriosis in 2.Surgical margins of all specimens were clear.Three patients with the upper anterior rectal neoplasms happened entrance into the peritoneal cavity during full-thickness excision by TEM, and all peritoneal entries were closed transanally via endoscope without developing peritonitis or pelvic infection.Postoperative complications included anal hemorrhage in 2, pulmonary infection in 1, urinary infection in 1, and urinary retention in 1.The incidence of complications was 5.9%(8/135). The average postoperative stay was 2.5±1.2(range, 2~8)d.With a mean follow-up period of 15.5(6~36)months, no tumor recurrence or metastasis was observed.

The localized rectal neoplasms suitable for local excision are the main indications of TEM.TEM is a safe and effective procedure to treat rectal cancer in selected patients without evidence of nodal involvement, but the scientific evidence remains limited at present.As a kind of minimally invasive surgery with fewer complications, TEM is now considered as the first choice of procedure for rectal local excision.