近年来随着微创技术的发展，结直肠外科手术取得了重大进步。内镜技术最初作为一项诊查手段，现已越来越多地用于胃肠道疾病的治疗。其中内镜下粘膜切除术和内镜下粘膜剥离术可用于治疗早期结直肠癌，避免了开腹或腹腔镜手术，且体表不遗留手术疤痕。随着器械的完善和技术的进步，腹腔镜技术也已广泛用于结直肠癌的根治性切除，且大量的临床实践证明其具有良好的可行性和安全性。三维腹腔镜的应用改善了术中的视野，提升了腹腔镜操作的精细程度。机器人手术系统的出现则将外科手术引入一个新时代，远程手术得以成功实施，且更加精细灵活的操作可在腹腔镜下狭小的空间里完成。此外，功能学的微创理念日益受到重视。外科医生不仅仅追求更小的切口和创伤，更开始追求更小的应激反应和更快的术后恢复。本文回顾了近年来微创技术和理念的进展，并对微创外科在结直肠手术中的应用做出了展望。

With the development of minimally invasive techniques, colorectal surgery has made significant progress in recent years.Initially as a diagnostic tool, endoscopy has been used more and more often in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.Endoscopic Mucosal Resection(EMR)and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection(ESD)are applied to the treatment of early-stage colorectal cancer, avoiding open or laparoscopic surgeries, and leaving no scar on the skin.With the improvement of operation skills, laparoscopy has been widely used in radical surgeries of colorectal cancer, and its feasibility and safety have already been proven by abundant clinical practices.Three-dimensional laparoscopy improves the surgeon’s field of vision, enhances the precision of operations.The advent of robotic surgical system has led to a new era for surgical operations, with remote surgeries performed successfully, dexterous procedures can be carried out laparoscopically in small spaces.Moreover, the conception of functionally minimal invasiveness has drawn more and more attention.Not only have surgeons been pursuing smaller incision and trauma, they also try to attain milder stress reaction and faster postoperative recovery.This paper reviews the development of minimally invasive techniques and conceptions in recent years, and gives an outlook of the application of minimally invasive surgery in colorectal operations.